Bull and Cow and Other Bovine Terms

Bull and Cow and Other Bovine Terms Bull and Cow and Other Bovine Terms Bull and Cow and Other Bovine Terms By Mark Nichol The noun (and adjective) bovine, from the Latin term bos by way of the French word bovin, is the scientific word for cattle and related animals; it is one of several words in various languages that is cognate with cow, as both words apparently stem from a proto-Indo-European word imitative of mooing. (In allusion to the unintelligent, slow-moving characteristics of cattle, it is also applied to slow, stupid human behavior.) From bovine we also get beef (from Old French buef), which usually refers in general usage to the meat of cattle used as food, but it also applies to adult cattle; the plural beefs has overtaken the original beeves. Use of the word beef has extended to the idea of â€Å"complaint† (perhaps based on the griping of military personnel about their beef rations) and to the notions of brawniness (the adjective beefy) and adding strength (the idiom â€Å"beefing up†). Beefsteak refers to a particular cut of beef, and Beefeater is another designation for the Yeoman Warders, traditional guards of the Tower of London, which originated as a nickname alluding to the rations of beef and beef broth they consumed. Bull, from the Old English word bula, refers to male specimens of cattle (especially those not deprived of reproductive capability) and other large mammals. A bullock is a young or castrated bull. By extension, bull describes a brawny man (and was slang for a police officer) or a person who buys stocks because he or she expects the price to rise or hopes for a rise to occur; to bull is to act forcefully or violently, and the word is the first element of a compound referring obliquely to excrement and describing speech that is boastful, foolish, or misleading. Cattle itself is ultimately from the Medieval Latin noun capitale, meaning â€Å"property† or â€Å"stock,† by way of the Old French term chattel; it is cognate with capital in the sense of â€Å"assets† or â€Å"stock† and with chattel, meaning â€Å"property.† Cow, which technically describes adult females of various large animal species, including cattle, but is used popularly to refer to cattle of either gender, stems from Old English but, as mentioned earlier, is cognate with a variety of words from other languages that pertain to cattle. Ox (the word is from the Old English oxa) refers to male cattle bred as work animals (usually draft animals, meaning that they pull wagons or other vehicles) rather than as a source of beef; the plural is oxen. A steer is a young bull or ox, though in American English usage it designates any male beef cattle; the word comes from the Old English term steor, meaning â€Å"bull.† Two other terms associated with cattle are calf (plural calves), from the Old English word cealf, meaning â€Å"young cow† (of either gender), and heifer, from the Old English word heahfore, which refers to a young (female) cow, especially one that has not yet borne a calf. The verb calve refers not only to giving birth to a calf but also, by extension, to the separation of a small piece of ice from a glacier or other mass. (Calf, in the sense of the fleshy part of the lower leg, may be a distant relative.) The slang term dogie, used by cowboys but of unknown origin, refers to an orphaned calf. Speaking of cowboys, the word cowboy, as well as cowhand, cowherd, cowpoke, and cowpuncher (the latter two words derived from the notion of prodding cattle), refers to one who tends cattle. The idea of cowboys as spirited (perhaps inspired by the behavior of cowboy characters in western films and television programs) gave rise in the late twentieth century to the use of cowboy to denote aggression or recklessness. Cowman generally describes a cattle rancher rather than those he employs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsDawned vs. Donned50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

Mole Relations in Balanced Equations Example Problems

Mole Relations in Balanced Equations Example Problems These are worked chemistry problems showing how to calculate the number of moles of reactants or products in a balanced chemical equation. Mole Relations Problem #1 Determine the number of moles of N2O4 needed to react completely with 3.62 mol of N2H4 for the reaction 2 N2H4(l) N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) 4 H2O(l). How to Solve the Problem The first step is to check to see that the chemical equation is balanced. Make sure the number of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation. Remember to multiply the coefficient by all atoms following it. The coefficient is the number in front of a chemical formula. Multiply each subscript only by the atom right before it. The subscripts are the lower numbers found immediately following an atom. Once you verify the equation is balanced, you can establish the relationship between the number of moles of reactants and products. Find the relation between moles of N2H4 and N2O4 by using the coefficients of the balanced equation: 2 mol N2H4 is proportional to 1 mol N2O4 Therefore, the conversion factor is 1 mol N2O4/2 mol N2H4: moles N2O4 3.62 mol N2H4 x 1 mol N2O4/2 mol N2H4 moles N2O4 1.81 mol N2O4 Answer 1.81 mol N2O4 Mole Relations Problem #2 Determine the number of moles of N2 produced for the reaction 2 N2H4(l) N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) 4 H2O(l) when the reaction begins with 1.24 moles of N2H4. Solution This chemical equation is balanced, so the molar ratio of reactants and products may be used. Find the relation between moles of N2H4 and N2 by using the coefficients of the balanced equation: 2 mol N2H4 is proportional to 3 mol N2 In this case, we want to go from moles of N2H4 to moles of N2, so the conversion factor is 3 mol N2/2 mol N2H4: moles N2 1.24 mol N2H4 x 3 mol N2/2 mol N2H4 moles N2 1.86 mol N2O4 Answer 1.86 mol N2 Tips for Success The keys to getting the correct answer are: Make sure the chemical equation is balanced.Use the coefficients in front of compounds to get molar ratios.Check to make sure you use the appropriate number of significant figures for atomic masses and report mass using the correct number of figures.